Understanding Keratoconus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition that affects the cornea, the transparent window at the front of the eye. In a healthy eye, the cornea maintains a round, dome-like shape. However, in people with keratoconus, the cornea gradually becomes thinner and bulges outward into a cone shape. This distortion can significantly affect vision and overall eye health.

What Causes Keratoconus?

The exact cause of keratoconus is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute, including:

1. Genetics: A family history of keratoconus increases the risk.
2. Eye Rubbing: Chronic and vigorous eye rubbing can weaken the cornea.
3. Underlying Conditions: Conditions such as hay fever, asthma, or Down syndrome are linked to a higher likelihood of keratoconus.
4. Collagen Weakness: A lack of collagen strength in the cornea can lead to its deformation over time.

Symptoms of Keratoconus

The symptoms of keratoconus often vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common signs include:

• Blurred or distorted vision
• Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Difficulty seeing at night
• Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions
• Halos around lights

If you notice any of these symptoms, consult an eye care professional for an evaluation.

How Is Keratoconus Diagnosed?

Diagnosing keratoconus involves a comprehensive eye exam, including:

• Corneal Topography: Maps the shape and curvature of the cornea.
• Pachymetry: Measures the thickness of the cornea.
• Slit-Lamp Examination: Provides a detailed view of the corneal structure.

Treatment Options for Keratoconus

Treatments for keratoconus focus on stabilizing the cornea and improving vision. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the condition:

1. Glasses or Soft Contact Lenses

In the early stages, glasses or soft contact lenses can correct mild vision distortions caused by keratoconus.

2. Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Lenses

RGP lenses provide clearer vision by creating a smooth refractive surface over the irregular cornea.

3. Scleral Lenses

These specialized lenses vault over the cornea and rest on the white part of the eye (sclera), offering comfort and improved vision for advanced keratoconus.

4. Corneal Cross-Linking (CXL)

Corneal cross-linking is a minimally invasive procedure that strengthens the cornea using UV light and riboflavin (vitamin B2). It helps halt the progression of keratoconus.

5. Intacs

Intacs are small, crescent-shaped implants inserted into the cornea to reshape and flatten it, improving vision.

6. Corneal Transplant

In severe cases where other treatments are ineffective, a corneal transplant may be necessary to restore vision.

Preventing the Progression of Keratoconus

While keratoconus cannot always be prevented, certain steps can help reduce the risk of progression:

• Avoid rubbing your eyes.
• Manage allergies to reduce eye irritation.
• Schedule regular eye exams, especially if you have a family history of keratoconus.

Living with Keratoconus

With early diagnosis and proper treatment, many individuals with keratoconus can maintain good vision and lead fulfilling lives. Advances in technology and treatment options continue to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Conclusion

Keratoconus is a manageable condition with the right care and timely treatment. If you experience symptoms of keratoconus or have concerns about your eye health, consult an eye specialist to explore the best options for preserving your vision.